else if(mm==2) { }else{ '> ' + (age * 7) + ' new stars were born in the Milky Way Galaxy'+'\n'+ else if((dd>28) && (!lyear(yy))) main="invalid" If Ωₖ > 0, we have a closed universe that tends to collapse again onto itself. nciv = nciv * document.forms["drake2"].fitext.value; There's nothing that unites humanity more than the awe we feel when we look up at the stars and admire the beauty of our amazing Universe. else if (((mm==4) || (mm==6) || (mm==9) || (mm==11)) && (dd>30)) main="invalid" The first one to notice this? nciv = nciv * document.forms["drake2"].fctext.value; if (gmonth==6) { p=181+gdate; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } In general, you can skip the multiplication sign, so `5x` is equivalent to `5*x`. if (mm==5) {n=365-(30+31+31+28+dd); } document.forms[0].year.value="" In previous years the Hubble Constant has been estimated to be 70. } It will be used to search for signs of life in Earth-like exoplanets, find the first stars born in the Universe, test for possible variations of the fundamental constants of physics, and measure the acceleration of the Universe's expansion. if((leapyear(gyear))&&((mm>2)&&(dd<29))) { document.forms["bdate"].bday.value="" This information is still around today as the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is a faint microwave signal that we detect coming from everywhere in the universe. if (mm==9) { r=273; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } if (gmonth==1) p=31+gdate Cosmologists believe the universe began hot and dense and has expanded over the past 14 billion years. In this calculator we use 67.7km/s per Mpc but can set it to 73.4km/s per Mpc to see what this difference means for the evolution of the universe. Universe Expansion Calculator. hour=hour-hr why. document.forms["bdate"].bday.value="¡Hoy es tu cumpleaños!" We limit our discussion to calculation of the amout of work involved when a system expands or contracts against a constant pressure. mm=mm-1 Other calculators. main="valid" Expansion and contraction of the parts of the universe are determined by the property of Chiral-supersymmetey-dipolar electro- magnetic condensates. if(mm=13) { // End --> if (mm==3) { r=90; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } document.forms["bdate"].sec.value="" The universe's rate of expansion is in dispute – and we may need new physics to solve it Aug 06, 2018 Scientists debate the seriousness of problems with the value of the Hubble Constant hour=((age*365)+n+p)*24 if (parseInt(gmonth)==6) { m=31+30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate); if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } iDay=parseInt(iDay) Gravity slows the expansion, just as a ball thrown vertically upwards decelerates from the gravitational pull of the earth. nciv = nciv * document.forms["drake2"].fltext.value; if (yy==0) {document.forms[0].age.value ='Are you Jesus? Solve Universe Expansion. We won't live to see the universe end, but it's fun to explore. Its effect on the evolution of the universe is almost the opposite to that of dark energy. We don't really know, and we have no way to test it. if(mm==(gmonth+1)&&(gdate The Universe has expanded by a distance equivalent to '+ Math.floor(174*totdays/100000)+' Solar Systems';} A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion of the metricseen on the left. The universe would have doubled in size every 10-35 seconds. if (parseInt(gmonth)==7) { m=30+31+30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate) ; if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } fhunds = yy/400 Cosmologists currently set the age of the universe … They allow us to observe the effects of each component separately and get a better picture of what their role is in the evolution of the universe. if (parseInt(gmonth)==1) { m=parseInt(gdate)} It is 13.8 Billion years old. else if((yy>9999)||(yy<0)) main="invalid" why, Fraction of those that develop intelligent life: Currently, however, the expansion of the universe is dominated by Dark Energy. var m The expansion of the universe is described in a number called, appropriately enough, the Hubble constant. a=365 Every dot in this "pie" diagram is a galaxy, color coded by type: green for nearby galaxies, magenta and red for old red galaxies, blue for young blue galaxies, yellow and white for quasars. Aug 06, 2018. gdate = days.getDate() The source’s light reaches the earth through multiple paths. Not even cosmologists know what it really is, and it only has an effect when considering VERY large scales. var millisec; Show Instructions. The very first part of the chart is a quick expansion driven by radiation. Weight on Other Planets Calculator. document.forms["bdate"].age.value="This date "+main // End -->, Fraction of these Stars with a Planetary system: else if((mm==4)||(mm==6)||(mm==9)||(mm==11)) This free binary calculator can add, subtract, multiply, and divide binary values, as well as convert between binary and decimal values. Enter all the known values. { There was no actual explosion, but rather an incredibly fast expansion that led to what we now know as the universe. n= m+ parseInt(age)*365.25 + age/4 gyear = days.getFullYear() Dark matter makes space expand exponentially, so it's effects will only become noticeable after billions of years. It is the oldest piece of information we have from the universe. The age of the universe computed above corresponds to an "empty universe," one in which the average density of the universe is zero. One can easily imagine such a scenario: ΩΛ would be negative and the universe would contract and collapse into a single point. document.forms[0].day.value="" var iDay The well-known American author, Bill Bryson, once said: “Physics is really nothing more than a search for ultimate simplicity, but so far all we have is a kind of elegant messiness.” The new calculation is based on how light bends around large galaxies. else if (mm==2) { You can see these different phases on the calculator by selecting Our Universe. He’s also the creator of the Hubble Law Distance Calculator and the Universe Expansion Calculator, which gives users the ability to calculate the speed … The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between any two given gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. if (mm==10) { r=304; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } Matematiskt beskrivs detta av Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walkermetrik, som är en nyckelkomponent i big bang-kosmologin.I denna metrik ligger de olika galaxerna i vila i universum, men alla avstånd i universum förstoras med tiden på grund av att de multipliceras med en skalfaktor som växer med tiden. Which makes it difficult to be modeled mathematically. 2. if (mm==10) n=304+1 This illustration shows the three steps astronomers used to measure the universe’s expansion rate to an unprecedented accuracy, reducing the total uncertainty to 2.3 percent. } They represent a fraction or percentage of a reference quantity, called critical density. Astronomy Scale and History of the Universe Expansion of the Universe. if(ap==0){ if (gmonth==11) { p=334+gdate; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } It is now 13.721 Gyr since the Big Bang. if(mm==0) r=1 } else { if (parseInt(gmonth)==11) { m=31+30+31+31+30+31+30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate); if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } mm=mm+1; Expanding Universe The distant galaxies we see in all directions are moving away from the Earth, as evidenced by their red shifts. gsec=time.getSeconds() else if (mm==2) { This expansion of the universe was thought to be constant (now we know that its expansion is accelerated), and the value of this constant speed was, understandably, named after Dr. Hubble. if (gmonth==12) { p=365+gdate; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } Cosmology Calculator I Ned Wright, UCLA This calculator allows one to input user-selected values of the Hubble constant, Omega(matter), Omega(vacuum) and the redshift z, and returns the current age of the Universe, the age, the co-moving radial distance (and volume) and the angular-size distance at the specified redshift, as well as the scale (kpc/arcsec) and the luminosity distance. if (mm==12) n=365+1 Gravitational Lenses – Using the Light Warping Predicted by Einstein – Measure Universe Expansion . months+=12-parseInt(mm) if (mm==9) n=273+1 By Leiden University November 17, 2020. Earth Curvature Calculator. WASHINGTON -- The universe is expanding faster than it used to, meaning it's about a billion years younger than we thought, a new study by a Nobel Prize winner says. Younger universes expanded much faster (Radiation or Matter dominated), while older universes experienced a slower growth (e.g., Dark Energy dominated). So the hubble constant cannot be correct. These four major components are Matter, Radiation, Dark Energy, and spatial curvature. Expansion History Calculator Expansion History of the Universe Instructions Ho sam & ex hi to Help — 72 0.3 0.2 0.7 13.6 9.9 Data Analysis Vacuum Matter Radiation Redshift Scale Factor Relative to Today Fraction Energy Density The simulation shows the plot of Scale Factor Relative to Today versus Time measured in units of billion years. We know discrepancy is not due to experimental error, so what gives? Toilet Paper Race Calculator - Mass Moment of Inertia. yy=parseInt(yy) We actually have a picture of this moment. Finally, for age more than 10 Billion years old, one can see a subtle change from an almost linear expansion to an accelerated (exponential) expansion, due to Dark Energy. The universe has a lot of mass, and gravity tries to pull all that mass together. Matter is a more understandable component of the universe. hunds = yy/100 document.forms["bdate"].weeks.value="" To go to the main introductory article about Stationary Energy Theory, and its links to other supplementary articles, please click here.. Stationary Energy Theory’s equation for gravity gives a rate of acceleration for the expansion of the Universe that is close to the observed value The high-resolution ELT instrument HIRES will allow astronomers to study astronomical objects that require highly sensitive observations. Determine V, the change in volume in cubic meters, m 3, using the equation: Sled Ride Calculator. For Ωₖ < 0 we have an open universe that tends to expand forever. function leapyear(a) { if (dd>29) main="invalid" id = day.getTime(); } Universe Expansion Calculator. If you are brave enough, share it with everyone on Twitter, and we will let you know how close you got to the real answer! nsec=60-parseInt(gsec) This is what we called the Big Bang, and it is when time itself started. n+=31+dd if(((a%4==0)&&(a%100!=0))||(a%400==0)) return true if (mm==1) n=31+1 As the universe expanded and cooled, the forces began to distinguish from each other and complex particles began to form. hour+=(parseInt(age/4)*24) if(((bday==366)&&(leapyear(yy)))||((bday==365)&&(!leapyear(yy)))) { Once you figure out that the Universe is expanding, all you need to do is measure the expansion rate today and use the laws of physics to determine how the expansion rate must have changed over time. if (mm==2) n=59+1 if (mm==12) { r=365; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } alert("Feliz Aniversario!") if ((mm<1) || (mm>12) || (dd<1) || (dd>31) || (yy<1) ||(mm==" ") || (dd==" ") || (yy==" ")) 2013 April 8 A Redshift Lookup Table for our Universe Image Credit: Sergey V. Pilipenko (LPI, MIPT) Explanation: How far away is The explanation gives the computational details.. Dark energy: The amount of dark energy in your universe, as a percentage of the "critical density". In fact, the speed at which they "run away" from us is proportional to the distance between us and them. if (parseInt(gmonth)==4) { m=31+31+28+parseInt(gdate); if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } Modeling the Expanding Universe: Materials (Per group of 3) Slinky metric ruler 8 pieces string pencil or pen calculator Directions: 1. The ‘critical density’ is the average density of matter required for the Universe to just halt its expansion, but only after an infinite time. guesswork, The lifetime of advanced civilizations: } Astronomers have found ways to divide the constituents of the universe into 4 major groups. Lastly, you can compare your creation to any of the predefined universes, so you can see how similar (or not) they are, and which have a faster/slower expansion. if (mm==1) r=31 Universe expansion rate calculated with highest ever precision. document.forms["bdate"].age.value +="Fecha "+main dd=parseInt(dd) A simple tool that helps you find all these answers in a fun and interactive way. Supports a variety of input metrics such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, length and volume in both metric and imperial units. Fraction of those that develop a civilization capable of communicating: guesswork if (gmonth==2) { ap=null;alert("asdf") The relative expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor.Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson Walker scale factor, this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations.. The discrepancy between how fast the universe seems to be expanding and how fast we expect it to expand is one of cosmology’s most stubbornly persistent anomalies.. Cosmologists base their expectation of the expansion rate — a rate known as the Hubble constant — on measurements of radiation emitted shortly after the Big Bang. ap=parseInt(ampm.selectedIndex); Calculating the Acceleration of the Expansion of the Universe. Stopping Distance Calculator. Each component of the universe affects its evolution in a different manner, described by Friedmann's equations - a set of formulas that explain most of the phenomena we see in the universe. if (mm==4) { r=120; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } } If you feel overwhelmed having to create your own universe, here are some practical tips and tricks: We have left you total freedom to choose any values for the parameters. document.forms["bdate"].months.value="" The CMB is a snapshot of the cosmos as it looked only 360,000 years after the big bang (as made by the Planck space observatory). '> The Universe has expanded by a distance equivalent to '+ Math.floor(174*totdays/100000)+' Solar Systems' However, all this knowledge should be enough for you to be able to play around with the calculator and get a grasp on the impact that each parameter has on the evolution of the universe. This was a fast process (on an astronomical scale) - it took the universe over 300 000 years to become cool enough for radiation to be able to travel any meaningful distance. Once you figure out that the Universe is expanding, all you need to do is measure the expansion rate today and use the laws of physics to determine how the expansion rate must have changed over time. ; The comoving volume within redshift z is 1140.389 Gpc 3.; The angular size distance D A is 1620.3 Mpc or 5.2846 Gly. if (parseInt(gmonth)==10) { m=30+31+31+30+31+30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate); if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } Radiation makes the universe expand faster than matter does, at least at the beginning. else main=main A 1948 paper set the stage for modern big bang cosmology by attempting to calculate the nuclear reactions of the first seconds in the universe’s life as cosmic expansion was proceeding rapidly. The most precise measurement ever made of the speed of the universe's expansion is in, thanks to NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, and it's a doozy. The abundant presence of dark energy almost entirely rules out the possibility of the universe collapsing back into a Big Crunch and potentially creating a new Big Bang in a sort of reincarnation. else if(!lyear(yy)) n+=28+dd-1 totdaysold=Math.floor( ((parseInt(age)) *365.25)+ m - (365-n) ) if (mm==11) {n=365-(31+30+31+31+30+31+30+31+31+28+dd); } var time=new Date() The expansion rate of the Universe, as we measure it (even with our current ongoing controversies), is somewhere around 70 km/s/Mpc, which means that for every Megaparsec away a … Fortunately, all matter behaves mostly the same. Even if the universe had curvature when it started, that much expansion would cause it to appear flat today. In this activity, you will create a model of the expanding Universe. hour=hour-(11+hr) It might even collapse back into a single point and sort of "reincarnate" itself as a second Big Bang creating a new universe... Is this enough to pique your interest? Rate of Expansion • Two teams in the 1990’s set out to show the rate deceleration of the universe • They both independently concluded the expansion is accelerating • Appears to be a repulsive force countering gravity now dubbed dark energy • Now cosmologists are … if (mm==2) { n=365-31-dd; } gmin=time.getMinutes() For a visual representation, check the green line of the image above. } if (parseInt(gmonth)==9) { m=31+31+30+31+30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate); if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } Part I of this mini-series gives a broad overview of the user interface and the main functions. There is a less depressing option - a Big Rip could happen. The widely accepted values for each component are: As you can see, most of the parameters of the universe do not have units. The size of the condensates is unlimited, and mostly called blackholes(non classical) that create dipolar jets, that may go for millions of light years. } / How to describe the universe with maths, From the birth of the universe (Big Bang) until now, A large amount of Dark Energy will result in exponential growth at the end of the graph (after at least 10 Billion years), A large amount of Radiation will create a very rapid expansion at the beginning and might overshadow any Matter or DE contribution, Matter behaves somewhat similar to Radiation but with milder effects, The curvature density is calculated for you, but if you want to see it or play with it, you can do so by hitting the. We know that at some point in time the universe was condensed into a point of infinite energy density. eval("page" + id + " = window.open(URL, '" + id + "', 'toolbar=0,scrollbars=1,location=0,statusbar=0,menubar=0,resizable=1,width=350,height=400');"); A very renowned source is NASA's WMAP mission. The new WMAP observations favor specific inflation scenarios over other long held ideas. Learn more about the use of binary, or explore hundreds of other calculators addressing math, finance, health, and fitness, and more. if (mm==9) {n=365-(31+31+30+31+30+31+31+28+dd); } if (mm==3) {n=365-(31+28+dd); } Some combinations might result in integration errors and the calculator simply not being able to give you a result. guesswork, Fraction of those that develop a civilization capable of communicating: if (mm==5) { r=151 ; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } The math problem is to find the maximum initial distance from the source that can be visited from the source at light speed before universal expansion takes it out of reach. if (mm==4) {n=365-(31+31+28+dd); } Unlike dark matter, dark energy exerts gravitational push (a form of anti-gravity) that is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate or speed up. bday=(r-m-gdate) age=gyear-yy-1; function run() { weeks=totdays/7 The previous value for the Hubble constant … The universe's rate of expansion is in dispute – and we may need new physics to solve it. You can also take a guess at which of the possible deaths your universe will experience, just by taking a look at the graph. } '> The Earth has spun on itself '+totdays+' times'+'\n'+ if(((a%4==0) && (a%100!=0)) || (a%400==0)) return true; } if (gmonth==5) { p=151+gdate ; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } It is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes.The universe does not expand "into" anything and does not require space to exist "outside" it. setTimeout("run()",1) n+=31+dd+1 The only possible explanation for this is that the whole universe is expanding, like a piece of fabric getting stretched. if(mm>(gmonth+1)){ iDay=(yy + n + fours - hunds + fhunds) % 7; totdays=n if (mm==8) {n=365-(31+30+31+30+31+31+28+dd); } The universe underwent a relatively short phase of radiation-dominated expansion at the beginning of its life. document.forms["bdate"].bday.value=bday+" días "+ nhour+" horas "+nmin+" minutos "+nsec+" segundos" '> You have orbited the Sun '+age+' times'+'\n'+ } if (yy<=-1) {document.forms[0].age.value ='That old eh? if (mm==7) n=212+1 if (mm==8) { r=243 ;if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } When astronomers first saw all the galaxies around us, they discovered that all of them seemed to be moving away from us. if(main=="valid") { We can measure the age of the universe by determining the expansion rate of the cosmos, which is the Hubble Constant. Image to right: Time Line of the Universe -- The expansion of the universe over most of its history has been relatively gradual. Measuring that expansion has been incredibly difficult, and that is what the headline refers to. if (mm==3) n=90+1 Scientists have known for almost a century that the universe is expanding, but there continues to be disagreement about the exact rate at which this is happening. Determining the age of the universe requires a knowledge of the universe's expansion rate, as well as its density and composition. Omni Calculator. Oh, our beloved universe! Still in the prime of its life! The universe is expanding at 68k meters/second for every 1,000,000 lightyears from the focus. Instructions: Select units (either imperial or metric) Either choose a material or manually input the linear thermal expansion coefficient function popUp(URL) { We can combine the Hubble relation and the definition of redshift to relate the distance of a galaxy to its redshift. document.forms[0].month.value="" why, Number of planets capable of hosting life in a planetary system: why, Fraction of these planets that do go on to develop life: } Sort of. } if (parseInt(gmonth)==5) { m=30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate) ; if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } The second phase (matter-dominated) blends in and it's hard to distinguish from radiation, but the expansion is noticeably slower. Follow-on parts will highlight some specific uses and techniques. For H o = 69.6, Omega M = 0.286, Omega vac = 0.714, z = 3.000 . if (gmonth==4) { p=120+gdate; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } main="invalid" How to Measure Expansion. if (mm==6) n=181+1 A Universe with the critical density is said to be flat. The CMB is a snapshot of the cosmos as it looked only 360,000 years after the big bang (as made by the Planck space observatory). For example, different expansion rates may depend on new, temporary matter particles in the early universe (and see my response to Helios that describe some of the physics behind expansion … } else { Where H 0 stands for the Hubble’s constant, which essentially expresses the metric expansion rate of the universe, and hence will be used interchangeably with the phrase. nciv = nciv * document.forms["drake2"].Ltext.value; if (parseInt(gmonth)==3) { m=31+28+parseInt(gdate); if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } This thermal expansion calculator can be used for the calculation of the linear thermal expansion of any material for a specific initial length and variation in temperature. D stands for distance to the objects and v stands for the recessional velocity of the objects.Therefore, the Hubble constant can be derived from the velocity and distance of an object. if (parseInt(gmonth)==2) { m=31+parseInt(gdate); } To go to the main introductory article about Stationary Energy Theory, and its links to other supplementary articles, please click here.. Stationary Energy Theory’s equation for gravity gives a rate of acceleration for the expansion of the Universe that is close to the observed value with(document.forms[0]) { TOPICS: Astronomy Astrophysics General Relativity Gravitational Lensing Popular. According to the Big Bang theory, how did the chemical elements of a star form? gmonth = days.getMonth()+1 We still don't really know what dark matter is, but we know that it represents about 90% of all matter in the universe. if (((mm==4) || (mm==6) || (mm==9) || (mm==11)) && (dd>30)) main="invalid" It is composed of two major types: (Cold) Dark Matter and regular (or baryonic) matter. Come in and answer your questions about the universe! if (gmonth==3) { p=90+gdate; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } Eventually, every object in the universe ends up alone, infinitely far from everything else: cold, silent, until it all dies out in, quite literally, empty space. weeks=parseInt(weeks); bday=r-m-gdate If you look at the remnants of the Big Bang, Hubble's constant is 67.7km/s per Mpc. } if (parseInt(gmonth)==8) { m=31+30+31+30+31+31+28+parseInt(gdate) ;if (leapyear(gyear)) m=m+1 } This was quickly succeeded by a matter-driven expansion phase. For the same reason, the universe expansion cannot slow down to a halt, leaving just 2 possible scenarios. document.forms["bdate"].hours.value="" } Cosmology Calculator I Ned Wright, UCLA This calculator allows one to input user-selected values of the Hubble constant, Omega(matter), Omega(vacuum) and the redshift z, and returns the current age of the Universe, the age, the co-moving radial distance (and volume) and the angular-size distance at the specified redshift, as well as the scale (kpc/arcsec) and the luminosity distance. var min This calculator is very straightforward to use. if (mm==6) { r=181; if (leapyear(gyear)) r=r+1; } days = new Date() } Simply choose one of the predefined universes, or make one yourself, and you will immediately see a chart showing you the evolution of the selected universe in terms of its size (y-axis) versus time since the Big Bang (in billions of years). Universums expansion är en metrisk avståndsökning mellan objekt i universum med tiden. An open universe that will expand faster and faster until we reach a Cold Death or a Big Rip. The notion that a rapid period "inflation" preceded the Big Bang expansion was first put forth 25 years ago. Dark energy, identified in cosmology by the Greek letter Lambda (Λ), is responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe we experience in our reality. Thermal Expansion Calculator. if (mm==7) {n=365-(30+31+30+31+31+28+dd); } if (gmonth==9) { p=273+gdate; if (leapyear(gyear)) p=p+1; } nhour=24-parseInt(ghour) There must be a hole in our knowledge of the universe that we must fix!